Nature of Granular Cells in Granular Cell Ameloblastoma

Nature of Granular Cells in Granular Cell Ameloblastoma IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY Objective: To evaluate the nature of granular cells in granular cell ameloblastoma Study Design: Tissue specimens of five patients with granular cell ameloblastoma were fixed in buffered formalin and later embedded in paraffin wax. Blocks were sliced into 3micron thick sections for immunohistochemicalanalysis using a panel of markers CD68, Bcl2, S100, P53,Cytokeratin(AE1/AE3),vimentin and desmin Results: All five cases were strongly positive for cytokeratin and CD68. S100 was negative in three cases and showed mild positivity in two cases . Bcl2, P53, Vimentin and Desminwere negative in all the five cases. Conclusions: This study presents a heterogenous nature of the granular cells, however further validation is required with a larger sample size. INTRODUCTION: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumour usually located in the jaw bone [1]. It is considered to be the most common odontogenic tumor. It is a tumor of the enamel organ without formation of enamel. Robinson has defined it as: Unicentric, nonfunctional, intermittent in growth, anatomically benign and clinically persistent. The importance of this tumor lies in its common occurrence, locally invasive behavior which causes marked deformity and serious debilitation. They also demonstrate increased recurrence rate after surgery. [2]It has a distinctive microscopic appearance characterized by the presence of peripheral columnar cells with hyperchromatic, reversely polarized nuclei, arranged in a palisaded pattern. [3] Conventional solid or multicysticameloblastoma exhibits six microscopic subtypes namely follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, granular cell, desmoplastic and basal cell ameloblastoma. [4]. The follicular and plexiform patterns are the most frequent. Less common histopathologic subtypes include the acanthomathous, granular cell, desmoplastic, and basal cell [1,5] Granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA) is one of the rare histological variants of ameloblastomaaccounting for only 3. 5% of ameloblastomas. [5] Granular cell ameloblastoma is characterized by nests of large, eosinophilic granular cells. [6] Aggressive behaviour has been ruled out by many studies and suggest that granular cells are just a transitional or matured phase in the life cycle of ameloblastomas, starting with normal stellate reticulum-like cells, leading to a production of granules and finally leading to degeneration and formation of cystic areas. [7] Whether granular cell change in ameloblastoma is a degenerative process or a harbinger of a more aggressive course is a matter of debate. [8] [Figure 1 2] Previous studies have carried out ultrastructural, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to characterize the nature of the granular cells , though the mechanism involved is poorly understood. The present study attempts to do an immunohistochemical analysis with a panel of markers to study the nature of granular cells in granular cell ameloblastoma. Due to its rarity accounting to 3. 5%, literature search revealed that majority of them were single case studies . This study is the first of its kind to report antigenic characterization in five such cases with a wide range of markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case Selection: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of granular cell ameloblastoma were retrieved from the archives of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai. The clinical data of the patients are listed in table 1. Immunohistochemical Analysis: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 3 µ tissue sections on poly-L-Lysine coated slides (Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US). Pre-diluted ready to use primary monoclonal mouse anti CD-68, anti – Bcl2,anti-S 100, anti-P53, anti-cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3), anti-Vimentin and anti-Desmin(Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US)were used followed by thesuper sensitive polymer HRP detection system(Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US). Colored reactions were developed by incubating with 33-diaminobenzidine and subsequently counterstained with Harris hematoxylin. Positive and negative controls were included in all reactions. Presence of brown coloured end product at the site of target antigen was indicative of positive immunoreactivity. Evaluation of theimmunoreactivity was based on staining intensity and wereclassified asweak, moderate, and strong. Localization of positively stained cells in peripheral ameloblast-like cells, central stellate reticulum like cells , and granular cells were also evaluated. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity of the markers used in the study are listed in table 2. CD-68expressed strong positivity in all the five cases. Positivity was observed only in the granular cells. Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) expressed strong positivity in all the five cases by staining peripheral cells, stellate reticulum like cells and granular cells. Bcl2, P53, Vimentin and Desminexhibited negative staining in all the five cases. DISCUSSION: Granular cell ameloblastoma accounts to 3. 5% of all ameloblastomas [11]. The lesion presents with marked transformation of thecytoplasm of the stellate reticulum like cells, so that the cells take on a very coarse, granular, eosinophilic appearance. [5] GCA is known to be aggressive histologic variant among all the ameloblastoma . Granular cells have been described in other odontogenic tumor, the granular cell ameloblastic fibromaand oral lesions, such as congenital epulis and granular cell tumor [12] The nature of various oral granular cell lesions is unclear, and many theories have been proposed for the origin of granules, the principal ones are odontogenic, fibroblastic, histiocytic, myoblastic, and neurogenic. [13] Granular cells are also seen associated with the enamel organ of developing tooth. [14] The granular appearance has been ascribed to numerous lysosomes based on histochemical and electron microscopic findings. Ultrastructurally, the osmiophilic internal structure of the lysosomes varies considerably. [15] Many of these granules approach 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼m in size; giant granules of 30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼m in diameter are rarely seen. They present with features of finger-print-like membranous structures, myelin figures, small particles, granules, vesicles, lattice structures, and crystalloids. This diversity may represent different materials and stages of digestion of the lysosomal contents. The myelin figures suggest the presence of phospholipid in the granules. Therefore, it has been concluded by many authors that numerous lysosomes represent increased cellular actions of the tumour ameloblasts to digest unwanted components [14,16]. Considerable interest about the nature of granular cells in ameloblastoma ever since it was recognized has happened because of its reported aggressive behaviour however recent literature reports speculate that the granular cell transformation in granular cell ameloblastoma may be associated with the aging phenomenon. [17,18,19] The present study was carried out in five cases of granular cell ameloblastoma to ascertain the nature of the granules using a panel of markers CD68, Bcl2, S100, P53, Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3),vimentin and desmin. Strong positivity for cytokeratin and CD68was noted in all the cases. S100 was negative in three cases and mildly positive in two cases. P53,Bcl 2,Vimentin and desmin were negative in all the five cases. [Table 2] The nature of granules in granular cell ameloblastoma in the previous studies have reported epithelial origin due to consistent positivity with cytokeratin and negativity with other mesenchymal markers. [Figure 3] Presence of strong positivity with CD68 in granular cells indicates the presence of lysosomal aggregates. [Figure 4] Negative expression of antiapoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in granular cells indicate that there is increased apoptosis in the granular cells. This finding was similar to the report by Kumomoto et al who reported apoptosis in the granular cells [20]. Contradictory to previous reports is the presence of mild positivity with S100 unlike other previously published reports. S100 is normally present in cells derived from the  neural crest ( Schwann cells, and  melanocytes),  chondrocytes,  adipocytes,  myoepithelialcells,  macrophages,  Langerhans cells,  dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Mild positivity of S100 could be suggestive of transdifferentiation of the cells. Such heterogenous presentation of granular ameloblastomas evokes more interest to further ratify its true nature. CONCLUSION: The current immunohistochemicalpanel could be evolved further for a better understanding of the nature of the granular cells in ameloblastomas. Further studies with more number of cases could help reason out the antigenic heterogeneity of granular cell ameloblastoma.

Value Chain Analysis:

Value Chain Analysis: Primary Activities: Research and Development: The Coca-Cola Company has invested more than $60 million to build the worlds largest plastic-bottle-to-bottle recycling plant and support recycling. â€Å"The Coca-Cola Company is a company with the power to transform the marketplace, and the introduction of the â€Å"PlantBottleà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  is yet another great example of their leadership on environmental issues†( Carter Roberts, President and CEO of World Wildlife Fund, U.S). Interactive vending machines Climate friendly coolers. Production: Amatils association with Cocacola date back to 1964 and from then, Coca Cola Amatil ruling the roost in Australian Non alcholic beverage industry. CCA manufactures wide range of carbonated drinks like Coca Cola, Diet coke, Vanilla Coke, Sprite etc.,and recently started manufacturing well being products like fruit juices, water, low calorie carbonated drinks. After acquiring SPC Ardmona in 2004, CocaColaAmatil also entered the food manufacturing and distribution business. CocaCola Amatil manufactures its finished products from the concentrate and beverage base supplied by THE CocaCola Company. http://www.ccamatil.com.au/australianProducts.asp Marketing and Sales: Through out the century of existence, the name â€Å"Coca Cola† became its own marketing symbol. The name itself is perceived as a epitome of brand value and quality by the millions of its customers. CCA mainly bank its marketing strategy on the availability of its products to the customers. â€Å"By being part of the Coca-Cola system CCA has access to the worlds most popular branded beverages supported by strong advertising and unique marketing properties. CCA and TCCC are working together to utilise their complementary skills and assets, to profitably build consumption in each of our market†. TCCCs main marketing strategy include heavy advertising and promotion by sponsoring sports events and roping international celebrities as brand ambassadors. TCCC funds the marketing activities of coming up with new brands and different packaging plans. The sales and marketing plans are developed together by both the companies every year using their skills and assests. Affiliation: CCA and TCCC are affiliated to the communities in which they operate from sponsoring development programs of physical fitness and life style skills to sponsoring major sporting events. CCA also participates in assisting the communities in the time of any natural disasters. â€Å"CCA and TCCC have established foundations in Australia and Indonesia to provide assistance to community development activites to assist young people to realise their potential.† Customer Service: CocaCola Amatil has a national call center â€Å" Coke Connect† which undertakes all the consumer enquiries and customer requests by giving accurate, clear and prompt service. The consumer information center with in the coke connect takes all the consumer feedback and then feed the information at the organisation level through out the world and also be included in its monthly management report and the feedback is considered in making business decisions. By knowing what customer needs and thinks, CCA is always keep itself in delivering best customer service possible. http://www.ccamatil.com.au/customers_consumers.asp Support Activities: Human resources: Coca Cola is built on its core assests of its people and its brand value. Coca Cola believes that the work place should be a place which involves with creativity, innovation, professional relationships and professional growth. Coca Cola has 92400 associates world wide and many more supportive staff of which 86% are from outside United states which makes CocaCola inculcate its business environment with local culture of its employees and keep learning from this local cultures as cultures matters a lot in the success of a product in a local community. CocaCola follows a decentralised system in decision making in which it tries to incorporate ideas and concepts from its employees and passing them across all the departments for further evaluation. Infrastructure: CocaCola established its trademark since its inception in 1986 in United states. The companys every operation from manufacturing to delivering is supported by its strong infrastructure base. Some companies like spherion, Jones lang lasalle, IBM, Ogilveyand mather,prudential provide TCCC with basic ingredients and bottling and delivery machines. The Logistic operations of CocaCola Amatil in Australia is outsourced to LINFOX logistics which assisting Coca Cola to keep it value in delivering. This understanding between Linfox and Coca Cola may help TCCC to come up new products and its new logistic demands can be met in time. http://wotnews.com.au/news/Linfox Core Competency Analysis: Brand Value: People relate themselves to the brand value of a company. A brand value makes the consumer choices easy and this brand image gives the company a competitive edge over its rivals. Brand value brings trust in customers and it takes a lot of investment to keep the brand image intact over the years and this Coca colas strong brand identity through out the years rose its sales into an unprecedented levels. In 2007, TCCCc brand value is 44.13 billion US$ and it was regarded as the worlds fourth powerful brand only lying behind Microsoft, Google and GE, as per the Millward Browns BrandZ index. The TCCCs greater brand value allows its consumers revisit and makes its entry into a new market easy. Large Scale of Operations: CocaCola beverage products are available easier than water in this world. We will find CocaCola vending machines in almost every educational institution of the world and their easy access in public places. The main advantage of CocaCola is its easy availability than any of its rivals. Innovation: Innovation is a heart of any company which continously strive to make any difference in the competitive environment. Differentiation in its products gives CocaCola a edge in attracting many customers or consumers. Coca Cola displays its ability to innovate in its products, equipment, packaging and in the external environment. It recently launched its ‘JIANCHI health product in Milan, which inculcates 5000 years of chinese wisdom in that bottle. TCCC also invested 60 million in building a bottle to bottle recycle or reuse plant in North America as part of its mission to recycle 100% of its products. It also came with innovative climatic friendly vending machines or coolers which reduced carbon emission by 99% and has a smart detective system which reduce energy use by 35%. Performance Analysis: Any companys performance whether it is small or large can be analysed by taking its financial figures into consideration. In todays business world, It is reality that numbers count a lot than anything else in analysing a companys performance. Coca Cola witnessed Net operating revenue growth of 11%, operating income growth of 16% and unit case volume growth of 5%. CocaCola holds 1st position worldwide in terms of sparkling beverages, juices and juice drinks and ready to drink coffees and teas, comes 2nd in terms of sports drink and 3rd in terms of packaged water and energy drinks. Portfolio Analysis: TACCs motive of â€Å" A beverage for every need† is the energy behind CocaColas success with more than 3000 products in more than 190 countries. The company head quartered in Atlanta, Georgia, employs nearly 71000 people (In Year 2006) and 74% of its products were sold outside United States. Its portfolio includes 13 billion dollar brands and has a company associates of 92400 people world wide. The CocaCola Company has different strategic business units for its product types like Sports drink, Juice drinks, Squash, Water, Low sugar soft drinks, general soft drinks and energy drinks. 49.9% of all coke products are sugar free. http://www.cokecorporateresponsibility.co.uk/marketplace/developing-our-portfolio/changing-our-portfolio.html Portfolia of Coca Cola includes many brands which evolved throught out the history of Coca cola and some of the brands include Barqs, CocaCola, Coke zero, Diet Coke, Glaceau, Fanta, Minute maid, Fuze, Thumsup, Vault, Powerade etc.,. CocaCola touches 1.5 billion lives a day. Coca Cola added 200+ juice and juice drink products to its portfolio in 2008 and accommodated 700+ low calorie or no calorie products in its profile. In Australia, CocaCola Amatil acquired SPC ARDMONA in 2004 which is a food manufacturing brand and this may help CocaCola in establishing strategic business unit for manufacturing chips. http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/nr_20090514_plantbottle.html Now a days, Coca Cola is much about health and wellness.

Evita :: essays research papers

Evita Stereotyping is a folly that almost everyone indulges in whether they realise it or not. Of course many try to stop this by educating themselves to be knowledgeable about worldly affairs but one can only equip oneself with so much information in ones lifetime. Cofer talks about the stereotype that follow Latino women no matter where they go. On the other hand, Eva Peron (Evita), portrays how Argentinean women can rise up in life and defeat the stereotype they face. Both Cofer and Evita have conflicting views of how one should beat the stereotype that they face. Cofer feels that education is the best way a Latino woman can oust the stereotype of them being lower class citizens or as being easy. She realises that not every Latino woman has the same educational opportunities as she had and because of the majority of Latino women perpetuating the myth, the stereotype will go on. Many Latino women invite this stereotype to themselves as their behaviour and actions are of the result of their upbringing. Latino women think that it is normal to dress flashily or bare their skin. Their culture allows them to do so as they are protected by traditions and laws of a Spanish/Catholic system of morality. The main rule in their culture is that "You may look at my sister, but if you touch her I will kill you." This system has made Latino women more open and daring. Once they go out of their cultural system, they practice the same actions which often tends to be misinterpreted as being easy. Some Latino women have used this as a way to advance themselves onto higher positions in the world just like what Evita did. These women are not of the majority but almost all Latino women fall into the stereotype of being easy just because of what a few women has done. Evita is a typical example of how a woman can use her physical assets to gain higher positions in the world. Even though she is treated like a saint today, there is still a question of morality on how she has advanced herself. True she gave hope to the lower class but how she went about it is morally wrong. By treating her like a saint, it is almost saying that it is all right to use your body to advance yourself. This is what Cofer is against. She feels that women should prove themselves and get out of the stereotype by using education to advance themselves. Many Latino women fall into the term "sexual firebrand" (348)

Philippine History :: Asian Asia History

Philippine History Spanish Colony 1565 - 1898 Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain in 1519 on the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe with five ships and a complement of 264 crew. Three years later in 1522, only the one ship, the Victoria, returned to Spain with 18 men. The Philippines were the death of Magellan. The expedition sighted the island of Samar on March 16, 1521. Magellan was welcomed by two Rajas, Kolambu and Siagu. He named the islands the Archipelago of San Lazaro, erected a cross and claimed the lands for Spain. The friendly Rajas took Magellan to Cebu to meet Raja Humabon. Humabon and 800 Cebuanos were baptized as Christians. Magellan agreed to help Raja Humabon put down Lapu-Lapu, a rebellious datu on the nearby island of Mactan. In a battle between Spanish soldiers and Lapu-Lapu's warriors, Magellan was killed on April 27, 1521. Disputes over women caused relations between Raja Humabon and the remaining Spaniards to deteriorate. The Cebuanos killed 27 Spaniards in a skirmish and the Spaniards, deciding to resume their explorations, departed Cebu. For all its losses, the voyage was a huge financial success. The Victoria's 26 ton cargo of cloves sold for 41,000 ducats. This returned the 20,000 ducats the venture had cost plus a 105 percent profit. Four more expeditions followed between 1525 and 1542. The commander of the fourth expedition, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, named the islands after Philip, heir to the Spanish throne (r. Philip II 1556-1598). The Philippines was not formally organized as a Spanish colony until 1565 when Philip II appointed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi the first Governor-General. Legazpi selected Manila for the capital of the colony in 1571 because of its fine natural harbour and the rich lands surrounding the city that could supply it with produce. The Spanish did not develop the trade potential of the Philippine's agricultural or mineral resources. The colony was administered from Mexico and its commerce centered on the galleon trade between Canton and Acapulco in which Manila functioned secondarily as an entrepot. Smaller Chinese junks brought silk and porcelain from Canton to Manila where the cargoes were re-loaded on galleons bound for Acapulco and the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The Chinese goods were paid for in Mexican silver. Spanish rule had two lasting effects on Philippine society; the near universal conversion of the population to Roman Catholicism and the creation of a landed elite.

Solitude and Isolation in One Hundred Years of Solitude :: One Hundred Years of Solitude

Solitude and Isolation in One Hundred Years of Solitude   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "†¦Races condemned to 100 years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth."   These powerful last words of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude ring true.   The book demonstrates through many examples that human beings cannot exist in isolation.   People must be interdependent in order for the race to survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solitude.   Examples are found of this idea throughout the one-hundred-year life of Macondo and the Buendia family.   It is both an emotional and physical solitude.   It is shown geographically, romantically, and individually. It always seems to be the intent of the characters to remain alone, but they have no control over it.   To be alone, and forgotten, is their destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel begins with geographic isolation.   Jose Arcadio Buendia shouts, "God damn it!   Macondo is surrounded by water on all sides!"   Whether it is, in truth, an island is irrelevant.   The town believed itself to be cut off from the rest of the world.  Ã‚   In addition, Jose Arcadio Buendia and Ursula are looking for solitude.   The founding of Macondo was a result of escaping Jose Arcadio Buendia's murder of Prudencio Aguilar.   Aguilar's ghost haunted them, eventually forcing them to retreat.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The family seems to remain very involved within itself.   Much of this is Spanish culture.   In Spanish-speaking countries, it is not uncommon to find many generations of the same family living in one house.   The Buendia house always has various relatives within it.   Yet, this is not the only explanation.   The incest of the family is a theme throughout the novel, and is a significant factor in the solitude of this family.   If a family rarely turns to others to branch out, it eventually becomes completely turned in upon itself: isolated and detached.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Occasionally, the family poisoned with the fate of solitude does reach out.   Those who interact with this family share in its unfortunate fate.   First to Pilar Ternera, the sexual companion of two of the Buendia boys.   Following this sexual interaction, Pilar spends the rest of her life alone.   The same pattern is seen with Petra Cotes, simply with another generation.   Another example is demonstrated by Remedios Moscote.   She is another outsider, paired with Aureliano Buendia.   Soon after their marriage she dies unexpectedly and violently. Solitude and Isolation in One Hundred Years of Solitude :: One Hundred Years of Solitude Solitude and Isolation in One Hundred Years of Solitude   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "†¦Races condemned to 100 years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth."   These powerful last words of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude ring true.   The book demonstrates through many examples that human beings cannot exist in isolation.   People must be interdependent in order for the race to survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solitude.   Examples are found of this idea throughout the one-hundred-year life of Macondo and the Buendia family.   It is both an emotional and physical solitude.   It is shown geographically, romantically, and individually. It always seems to be the intent of the characters to remain alone, but they have no control over it.   To be alone, and forgotten, is their destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel begins with geographic isolation.   Jose Arcadio Buendia shouts, "God damn it!   Macondo is surrounded by water on all sides!"   Whether it is, in truth, an island is irrelevant.   The town believed itself to be cut off from the rest of the world.  Ã‚   In addition, Jose Arcadio Buendia and Ursula are looking for solitude.   The founding of Macondo was a result of escaping Jose Arcadio Buendia's murder of Prudencio Aguilar.   Aguilar's ghost haunted them, eventually forcing them to retreat.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The family seems to remain very involved within itself.   Much of this is Spanish culture.   In Spanish-speaking countries, it is not uncommon to find many generations of the same family living in one house.   The Buendia house always has various relatives within it.   Yet, this is not the only explanation.   The incest of the family is a theme throughout the novel, and is a significant factor in the solitude of this family.   If a family rarely turns to others to branch out, it eventually becomes completely turned in upon itself: isolated and detached.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Occasionally, the family poisoned with the fate of solitude does reach out.   Those who interact with this family share in its unfortunate fate.   First to Pilar Ternera, the sexual companion of two of the Buendia boys.   Following this sexual interaction, Pilar spends the rest of her life alone.   The same pattern is seen with Petra Cotes, simply with another generation.   Another example is demonstrated by Remedios Moscote.   She is another outsider, paired with Aureliano Buendia.   Soon after their marriage she dies unexpectedly and violently.

Complex adaptive systems Essay

Introduction Organizations should always adapt to a changing environment. The business environment is characterized by a number of changes which are a result of many factors, both external and internal. Nature is continuously changing and adapting. According to the complex adaptive systems theory, organizations must keep on revising their goals to come up with something new. This can be done through testing new ways of doing things, as dictated by the changes in the society. The theory asserts that natural variations create confusion and chaos, and ensure long-term survival. In addition to this, some of these variations are useless to nature. The study of the relationship between chaos, adaptability and survival is very important for all organizations (Holland, 1992). For our case Company, Costco, the managers must understand how the natural world influences business strategy. The managers ought to take into consideration that only a few of the natural variations succeed. This has a serious implication on leadership and innovation at Costco. To be strategically placed in the retail industry, Costco ought to understand that there is a need to test survival strategies to identify the most adaptive innovation. Innovation is all about coming with something new, but it is greatly influenced by adaptive systems. A study of complex adaptive systems will help Costco understand how natural systems interact, survive and adapt over time. This way, Costco can up with a strategy that can remain relevant even when natural systems change. The company should understand that boundaries cannot be imposed from outside. For Costco these boundaries are management hierarchies, division offices, departments, and so forth. For the complex adaptive systems to function fully there ought to be continuous feedback. The feedback can be positive or negative (Lansing, 2003). Costco must understand that positive feedback will elevate their outputs while negative one will lower their profitability. For those reason, Costco should carry out forecasts to understand the future. References Lansing, J. S. (2003). Complex adaptive systems. Annual review of anthropology, 183-204. Â   Holland, J. H. (1992). Complex adaptive systems. Daedalus, 17-30.

Workplace Bullying

Patricia Nantume AP Language & Composition/ D1P4 The Bully at Work January 3, 2012 Mainly focused on prevention methods, situational examples and coping mechanisms with the bully, The Bully at Work by Ruth and Gary Namie, is an astonishing resource on workplace bullying. Gary introduces the main themes of the book by giving an example of his former boss, a bully. He also defines the victims of this social epidemic as Targets. Workplace bullying, like  childhood  bullying, is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behavior against a co-worker or subordinate. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as  verbal,  nonverbal,  psychological,  physical abuse  and  humiliation. This type of  aggression  is particularly difficult because, unlike the typical forms of  school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their  organization  and their society. Ruth on the other hand didn't have any previous experience as a Target or Bully but from fellow work-mates' experiences, she bases her arguments on the topic. â€Å"Bullying is the scourge of the contemporary workplace but is too easily ignored by the people who could eradicate it if they were motivated,† says Ruth. Referred to as an epidemic as of society's ignorance of the issue, workplace bullying has slowly risen to media attention. Other countries like the United Kingdom and China have implausibly low workplace bullying cases in comparison to the United States. Despite the rising cases of victims according to statistical data, employers haven't paid serious attention to reports given by victims. Nevertheless the accentuating cases of victims, society's attention to the issue is rather ironic than Patricia Nantume 02. 03. 12 AP BIOLOGY THE SELFISH GENE CHAPTER 6/ GENEMANSHIP Quote: CHAPTER 7/ FAMILY PLANNING Quote: CHAPTER 8/BATTLE OF GENERATIONS. Quote: CHAPTER9/ BATTLE OF SEXES Quote: Each individual CHAPTER 10. Quote: CHAPTER 11. Quote: